American Arts and Crafts

The American version of Arts and Crafts took the English argument and made it a business. Gustav Stickley's Craftsman Workshops produced furniture in quantity, from quarter-sawn oak, with the joinery left visible and the finish fumed rather than stained — honesty as a manufacturing standard rather than a craft ideal.

Frank Lloyd Wright took the same instinct into architecture and made the furniture part of the building: low, horizontal, built in, and designed with the room rather than for it. Between the two, the movement's American character appears — less medieval, more forward-looking, and considerably larger in scale than Morris would have allowed.

The Stickley years (1900–1916) are Mission oak: through-tenons, keyed joints, fumed finish, and the Craftsman stamp.

Wright's Prairie work (1900–1920) is architectural furniture — built-in, geometric, and usually still in the house it was made for.

The revival (1970s onward) is Stickley reproduced, which is why the stamp and the joinery matter more than the style.